Oleh : Ahmad Tarmizi, SE
Pengamat Kebijakan Publik
Bandung, JURNAL TIPIKOR – Hubungan antara gubernur, walikota, dan bupati adalah pilar utama dalam sistem pemerintahan di Indonesia yang menganut prinsip otonomi daerah.
Prinsip ini secara fundamental memisahkan kewenangan antara pemerintah pusat, provinsi, dan kabupaten/kota.
Dalam konteks ini, gubernur sebagai kepala daerah tingkat provinsi tidak memiliki kewenangan untuk melakukan intervensi langsung terhadap otonomi dan kewenangan walikota atau bupati.
Dasar Hukum dan Landasan Konseptual
Dasar hukum yang mengatur hubungan ini adalah Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah. Undang-undang ini secara jelas mendefinisikan pembagian urusan pemerintahan antara pemerintah pusat, provinsi, dan kabupaten/kota.
Tujuannya adalah untuk mendorong efisiensi, efektivitas, dan akuntabilitas dalam penyelenggaraan pemerintahan.
Dalam kerangka ini, Walikota dan Bupati adalah kepala daerah otonom di tingkat masing-masing.
Mereka memiliki legitimasi politik yang sama kuatnya dengan gubernur, karena dipilih langsung oleh rakyat. Kewenangan mereka meliputi penetapan kebijakan, pengelolaan keuangan daerah, dan pelaksanaan pembangunan di wilayahnya.
Peran Gubernur: Koordinasi dan Pembinaan, Bukan Intervensi
Meskipun gubernur tidak bisa melakukan intervensi langsung, mereka memiliki peran penting dalam konteks otonomi daerah. Peran gubernur lebih bersifat koordinatif dan pembinaan.
Berikut adalah beberapa poin kunci dari peran tersebut:
- Pembinaan dan Pengawasan: Gubernur memiliki kewenangan untuk membina dan mengawasi penyelenggaraan pemerintahan kabupaten/kota. Pembinaan ini bersifat umum, misalnya memastikan kebijakan yang ditetapkan sejalan dengan kebijakan nasional dan provinsi. Pengawasan ini bersifat preventif dan korektif, bukan intervensi. Gubernur dapat memberikan teguran atau rekomendasi, tetapi tidak bisa membatalkan keputusan walikota/bupati secara sepihak, kecuali jika keputusan tersebut melanggar hukum.
- Fasilitasi dan Koordinasi: Gubernur berperan sebagai jembatan antara pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah di bawahnya. Mereka bertugas mengoordinasikan program-program pembangunan yang melintasi batas wilayah kabupaten/kota, misalnya pembangunan infrastruktur regional atau penanggulangan bencana skala provinsi. Gubernur juga memfasilitasi komunikasi dan penyelesaian sengketa antar-kabupaten/kota.
- Wewenang Administratif: Gubernur memiliki wewenang administratif, seperti melantik bupati/walikota terpilih atau mengusulkan pemberhentian jika terjadi pelanggaran berat. Namun, wewenang ini juga terikat pada prosedur hukum yang ketat dan tidak bisa digunakan untuk kepentingan politik atau intervensi kebijakan.
Dampak dan Tantangan dari Model Hubungan Ini
Model hubungan antara gubernur dan walikota/bupati ini memiliki dampak positif dan tantangan:
Dampak Positif:
- Meningkatkan Akuntabilitas: Setiap kepala daerah bertanggung jawab langsung kepada rakyatnya.
- Mendorong Inovasi Lokal: Pemerintah daerah diberi ruang untuk berinovasi sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan potensi wilayahnya tanpa harus menunggu perintah dari provinsi.
- Mendekatkan Pelayanan Publik: Keputusan-keputusan terkait pelayanan publik dapat dibuat lebih dekat dengan masyarakat.
Tantangan dan Risiko:
- Potensi Konflik: Terkadang, perbedaan visi atau kepentingan politik antara gubernur dan walikota/bupati dapat menghambat koordinasi program pembangunan.
- Kesenjangan Pembangunan: Otonomi daerah bisa memunculkan kesenjangan antar-daerah jika ada daerah yang kurang mampu mengelola sumber daya dan potensi secara optimal.
- Miskomunikasi: Kurangnya komunikasi yang efektif bisa menyebabkan tumpang tindih kebijakan atau, sebaliknya, adanya kekosongan kebijakan di tingkat regional.
Kesimpulan
Analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan publik yang melarang intervensi langsung gubernur terhadap walikota/bupati adalah implementasi dari prinsip otonomi daerah yang kuat.
Kebijakan ini menekankan pentingnya pembagian kewenangan yang jelas untuk mencegah sentralisasi kekuasaan dan mendorong pemerintahan yang lebih responsif dan akuntabel.
Meskipun demikian, peran gubernur sebagai koordinator dan pembina tetap krusial. Keberhasilan pembangunan daerah secara keseluruhan sangat bergantung pada sinergi yang terbangun antara gubernur, walikota, dan bupati.
Kegagalan untuk berkoordinasi akan berdampak pada inefisiensi dan terhambatnya pembangunan di tingkat regional.
Melihat dinamika ini, bagaimana menurut Anda, apakah model hubungan ini sudah berjalan efektif dalam mendorong pemerataan pembangunan di seluruh Indonesia?
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